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tugas kuliah: Konsonan Bahasa Inggris



Penjelasan Konsonan Bahasa Inggris

Sebagaimana yang telah kita ketahui bahwa IPA adalah suatu sistem penulisan yang memungkinkan kita untuk menjelaskan cakupan yang lebih besar mengenai pelafalan suara dalam bahasa Inggris. Didalamnya terdapat simbol- simbol fonetik yang juga memungkinkan kita untuk membandingkan suara yang satu dengan yang lain, seperti apakah itu vokal atau konsonan, dan lain sebagainnya.

Berbicara adalah suatu proses dimana adanya pergerakan artikulator yang menyebabkan udara bergetar membentuk gelombang suara menuju telinga pendengar, dan menimbulkan getaran di telinga bagian dalam, yang kemudian diterjemahkan menjadi suara kembali oleh otak. Karena gelombang suara membutuhkan udara, berarti getaran artikulatoris hanya akan membuat gelombang suara jika ada sebuah benda yang bergerak dari udara yang ada. Pada dasarnya, berbicara adalah pernapasan normal yang telah termodifikasi. Ketika kita berbicara , fase napas keluar secara signifikan lebih lama, tergantung pada lamanya ucapan yang akan kita hasilkan. Sebuah jaringan otot, seperti otot-otot interkostal antara tulang rusuk juga berperan dalam memproduksi pernapasan yang lebih halus, lebih bertahap dan lebih terkontrol selama berbicara. Untuk hampir semua konsonan bahasa Inggris , aliran udara melalui rongga mulut ialah pusat.
Jika anda meletakkan jari pada 'jakun' anda atau `voicebox' (laring secara teknis), dan menghasilkan sangat panjang [zzzzzz], anda akan merasakan adanya getaran, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa [z] adalah bunyi bersuara. Di sisi lain, jika anda membuat sangat panjang [sssssss], anda tidak akan merasakan adanya getaran: [ s ] adalah bunyi tidak bersuara. Untuk bunyi bersuara , lipatan vokal ditarik bersama-sama menutup glotis, namun tekanan udara yang mengalir dari paru-paru akan menyebabkan lipatan untuk berpisah, dan pada dasarnya elastisitas mereka yang akan memaksa mereka bersama lagi . Pengulangan siklus ini membuka dan menutup menimbulkan getaran, seperti untuk [ z ] . Jumlah siklus pembukaan dan penutupan per detik akan tergantung pada ukuran lipatan vokal, dan menentukan nada suara: sehingga, pada anak-anak kecil, lebih pendek lipatan vokalnya menghasilkan suara yang lebih tinggi.
Untuk suara lisan (oral), velum dinaikkan dan didorong ke dinding belakang pharinx, memotong akses ke hidung. Namun, untuk [m], [n], dan [h] di ram, run, dan ring, velum diturunkan, sehingga udara bergerak dari paru-paru harus mengalir melalui hidung. Jika ingin menghasilkan panjang [s], maka akan dapat dirasakan bahwa udara hanya melewati mulut, sebaliknya, jika menghasilkan panjang [m], maka akan ada udara yang terus naik melalui hidung saat bibir ditekan bersama-sama, dengan penutupan yang terlepas hanya pada akhir [m]. Sehingga, pada suara oral velum langit-langit lunak dinaikkan, tidak ada aliran udara ke rongga hidung.
Untuk suara hidung, velum diturunkan, seperti [m] dan [n], diproduksi dengan udara hanya melewati rongga hidung untuk sebagian dari produksi tersebut. Di sisi lain, suara nasal, seperti vokal dalam can, didahuliui suatu konsonan nasal, sebagai lawan vokal dalam cat, yang mendahului suatu oral, dicirikan oleh aliran udara baik melalui hidung dan mulut secara bersamaan. Sehingga, yang terjadi pada suara nasal, velum diturunkan, udara bebas mengalir melalui rongga hidung.
Tempat artikulasi (pengucapan) adalah titik kontak di mana obstruksi terjadi pada saluran vokal antara gerakan artikulator. Sebuah artikulator aktif (biasanya di bagian lidah), dan di lokasi pasif lainnya (biasanya di beberapa bagian dari langit- langit mulut), seiring dengan cara mengucapkan dan membunyikannya, oleh karena itu tempat ini akan menghasilkan bunyi yang khusus/khas. Berikut ini adalah macam- macam tempat artikulasi:
1.        Bilabial
Bunyi bilabial dibuat oleh kedua bibir. Ada lima bunyi yang dapat dihasilkan dalam Bahasa Inggris,contohnya : [p] pat, [b] bat, [m] mat, [w] with, dan [м] where (hadir hanya dalam beberapa dialek).
2.        Labio-dental
Konsonan labiodental dibuat oleh bibir bawah dengan bagian atas gigi depan. Bahasa Inggris memiliki dua konsonan labiodental [f] seperti dalam fat dan [v] seperti dalam vat.
3.        Dental
Interdental dibuat oleh ujung lidah dan gigi depan. Ada dua bunyi interdental di Bahasa Inggris: [θ] thigh dan [δ] thy.
4.        Alveolar
Di belakang gigi depan atas ada daerah kecil yang dinamakan alveolar ridge. Bahasa Inggris membuat tujuh bunyi di atau dekat daerah ini: [t] tab, [d] dab, [s] sip, [z] zip, [n] noose, [l] loose, dan [r] red.
5.        Postalveolar (Palatal)
Bunyi yang dibuat di bagian yang keras di dinding mulut yang disebut postalveolar (palatal). Bahasa Inggris mempunyai lima bunyi di daerah palatal: [š] leash, [ž] measure, [č] church, [j] judge, [y] yes.
6.        Velar
Bagian lunak di langit-langit mulut dibelakang langit-langit keras dinamakan velum. Bunyi yang dibuat didekat velum dinamakan velar. Ada tiga bunyi velar dalam Bahasa Inggris: [k] kill, [g] gill, dan [ŋ] sing.
7.        Glottal
Ruang antara lipatan-lipatan vokal dinamakan glottis. Bahasa Inggris memiliki dua bunyi yang dibuat di glottis. Yang pertama mudah untuk didengar: [h] seperti high dan history. Yang kedua disebut glottal stop dan ditulis secara fonetik sebagai [ʔ](sebuah tanda tanya tanpa titik). Bunyi ini terjadi sebelum bunyi vokal di uh-oh.

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9 comments:

  1. consonant is the sound of the language that the air flow is getting barrier and the quality is determine by three factors:
    -the state of the vocal cords (docked or stretchable - voiced or voiceless)
    -touching and approaching the organ of speech/articulators (lips, teeth, gums, tongue, palate)
    -the methods of the organ of speech in contact.

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  2. Puji Rahayu
    (123211034)

    A consonant is a speech sound that is not a vowel. It also refers to letters of the alphabet that represent those sounds: Z, B, T, G, and H are all consonants.
    Consonants are all the non-vowel sounds, or their corresponding letters: A, E, I, O, U and sometimes Y are not consonants. In hat, H and T are consonants. Consonant can also be an adjective that describes things that seem like they should go together, things that are "agreeable." You could say a nation's offer of aid is consonant with their treaties. When you hear consonant sounds in music, they are pleasing, the opposite of "dissonant" sounds which are harsh.
    source by the vocabulary dictionary.

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  3. Lilis Sukmawati (123211020)

    Speaking is a process in which the articulator movements that cause the air to form sound waves vibrate towards the listener's ears, and cause vibrations in the inner ear, which is then translated back into sound by the brain.

    friends..i found definition of consonant from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/consonant

    check this out :) may be more helpful to understand about consonant

    WritingThere are 21 consonant letters:b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z SpeechIn speech a consonant is a sound that is made by blocking the flow of air while speaking. For example, the first sound in the word mark is made by closing the lips briefly, while the last sound is made by pressing the blade of the tongue up against the hard palate. There are 22 consonants in spoken English. They are the first sounds in each of the following words:



    bat

    char

    cut

    dip

    fat

    gut

    hot



    jar

    late

    meet

    neat

    pat

    rate

    ship



    sip

    that

    thing

    tip

    vat

    zip


    plus the sounds in the following words marked by letters in bold type:measure sing Two other sounds are sometimes called consonants and sometimes semivowels. They are the first sounds in these words:win young

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  4. Everybody knows that to speak need an support from organs ofspeech. and then how to make a one sound and other sond isdifferent. for example if you make a sound (R) yo'll feel a vibration. in other case, if you make sound(s) you'll not feel a vibration. it show that the part if organ speech has a different function to produce a sound. t

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  5. Consonant includes one of two categories set of phonemes. In articulatory phonetics, we investigate how speech sounds are produced using the fairly complex oral equipment we have. We start with the air pushed out by the lungs up through the trachea (or 'windpipe') to the larynx. Inside the larynx are your vocal cord, which take a basic position.
    1. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are discribed as voiceless.
    2. When the vocal cords are drawn together. the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. sounds produced in this way are discribed as voiced.
    The distinction can be felt physically if you place a fingertip gently on the top (that part of your larynx you can feel in your neck below your chin), then produce sounds such as Z-Z-Z-Z or V-V-V-V. Because these are voiced sounds, you should be able to feel some vibration. Keeping your fingertip in the same position, and make the sounds S-S-S-S or F-F-F-F. Because these are voiceless sounds, there should be no vibration. Another trick is to put a finger in each ear, not too far, and produce the voice and voice sounds (e.g Z-Z-Z-Z) or to hear and feel some vibration, whereas no vibration will be heard or felt if you make voiceless sounds ( e.g S-S-S-S) in the same way.
    Consonants consist of voice/voiced, may be voiced ( the sounds occur when the vocal cords in the larynx are vibrated, such as 'fan' /fan/ and unvoiced/voiceless ( no vibration occurs, such as in 'van' /van/. :)
    This is just my comprehension and I got in the other source from book " The Study of Language"

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  6. Consonant is a speech sound that is not a vowel
    - speech sound, phone, sound - (phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language
    - alveolar, alveolar consonant, dental, dental consonant - a consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the gum ridge
    -obstruent - a consonant that is produced with a partial or complete blockage of the airflow from the lungs through the nose or mouth
    - aspirate - a consonant pronounced with aspiration
    - labial, labial consonant - a consonant whose articulation involves movement of the lips
    -labiodental, labiodental consonant - a consonant whose articulation involves the lips and teeth
    -nasal, nasal consonant - a consonant produced through the nose with the mouth closed
    - lingual - a consonant that is produced with the tongue and other speech organs
    - liquid - a frictionless continuant that is not a nasal consonant (especially `l' and `r')
    - geminate - a doubled or long consonant; "the `n' in `thinness' is a geminate"
    - surd, voiceless consonant - a consonant produced without sound from the vocal cords
    - velar, velar consonant - a consonant produced with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate
    - guttural, guttural consonant, pharyngeal, pharyngeal consonant - a consonant articulated in the back of the mouth or throat
    -vowel, vowel sound - a speech sound made with the vocal tract open

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  7. Purwaningsih Rahayu
    English literature
    3rd semester

    A consonant is defined as a letter in speech where the sound is formed by an interruption of the breath by some part of the mouth or a letter of the alphabet that represents a speech sound produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air stream by a constriction of the speech organs.
    Origin: OFr < L consonans: see consonance
    noun

    1. any speech sound in the production of which the speaker completely stops and then releases the air stream, as in (p, t, k, b, d, g), stops it at one point while it escapes at another, as in (m, n, ŋ, l, r), forces it through a loosely closed or very narrow passage, as in (f, v, s, z, s̸h, z̸h, t̸h, t̸h, H, kh, h, w, y), or uses a combination of these means, as in (c̸h, j)
    2. a letter or symbol representing such a sound
    3. Linguis. any phoneme, esp. one produced as described above, that does not form the peak of a syllable

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  8. Alfina Rizqi Ardila
    (123211002)

    In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Consonants which you are pronouncing depend on where they are articulated and how they are articulated. They also depend on a few other things, such as whether the vocal cords are vibrating and whether the air is flowing through the nose.

    We classify consonants along three major divisions:
    1. place of articulation
    2. manner of articulation
    3. voiced and voiceless

    Place of articulation is where the sound are articulated. There are 7 places: bilabials (e.g: /p/, /b/ and /m/), labiodentals ( e.g: /f/ and /v/), dentals ( e.g: symbol [ð] in the word the), alveolar ( e.g: /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/ and /z/), palatals ( e.g: / j / in the word yes), velars( e.g: /g/and /k/) and glottals ( e.g: /h/ ).
    Manner of articulation is how they are articulated. There are 5 manner of articulation:
    1. Stop (type of consonant sound, resulting from a blocking or stopping effect on the airstream we can also call it plosive) for example: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k] and [g].
    2. Fricative ( as the air is pushed through, a type of friction is produced ) for example: [s], [z], [v] and [f].
    3. Africate or africative ( incorporation of stop and fricative) for example: [ tʃ ] in the word church and [ dʒ ] in the word judge.
    4. Approximants ( never become sufficiently close to create audible friction, we can call it semi vowel) for example: /j/ yes, /w/ wet and /r/ red.
    5. Laterals ( Sounds which involve airflow around the side of the tongue) for example: /l/ in the word leaf.
    Voiced and voiceless, voiced sound ( there should be able to feel some vibration) for example: [ z] and voiceless sound (there should be no vibration) for example: [s]. Voiced and voiceless sound depend on the vocal cords, if the vocal cords vibrate producing the “voiced sounds” and if the vibration of the vocal cords is reduced, producing the “voiceless sounds”.

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  9. Anisa Nurdiyani (123211004)
    English Letters class 3rd semester

    Consonant is a speech sound produce by restricting the air flow in some way. And consonant are roduced at eight places of articulation that we have. They are bilabial ( p, b, m), labio-dental (f, v), dental (δ), alveolar (t, d, n, s, z, r, l), postalveolar (tʃ, dʒ) palatal (j), velar (k,g, x,ŋ), and glottal (h) and and have different manner of articulation like stop, fricatives, affricates, approximants or glides or semi-vowels, lateral.

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